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Melatonin

Also known as: N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine

SStrong Evidence76 studies referenced

Common dosage

0.3-1mg before bed

Category

hormone

Description

Endogenous sleep hormone. Low doses (0.3-0.5mg) are more physiological and effective than common high-dose supplements. Best for jet lag and circadian shifts.

Safety & interactions

Use lowest effective dose. Can cause grogginess at high doses. Not recommended for daily long-term use in young adults.
Check all interactions →

Protocols featuring Melatonin

Studies on Melatonin (76)

1.

Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders

Ferracioli-Oda E, et al. (2013) · PLoS One · n=1,683

Meta-analysisPubMed
2.

Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag

Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ (2002) · Cochrane Database Syst Rev · n=1,000

Meta-analysisPubMed
3.

Low-Dose Melatonin, Climacteric Symptoms and Sleep in Female Shift Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Saraiva SP (2026) · Journal of pineal research

4.

Effects of bright light and near-infrared light on insomnia symptoms in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized clinical trial.

Chen PY (2026) · Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy

5.

Melatonin Supplementation in Adult Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Heidari Z (2026) · Journal of pineal research · n=32

6.

Hepatic Safety of Adjunctive High-Dose Melatonin in Participants Receiving Ocrelizumab for Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: Liver Toxicity Findings from a Phase I/II Randomised Clinical Trial (MELATOMS-1).

Bejarano I (2026) · CNS drugs

7.

Effect of melatonin enriched with L-Tryptophan and 5-Hydroxytryptophan on sleep parameters in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Cruz-Sanabria F (2026) · Sleep medicine

8.

Efficacy and Safety of Melatonin in Migraine Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Abouelmagd ME (2026) · Current pain and headache reports

9.

Effect of melatonin versus placebo for the prevention of delirium among medically hospitalised older patients: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial (project RESTORE).

Al Alawi AM (2026) · BMJ open

10.

Evaluating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin in pediatric hemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Sayed GA (2026) · Scientific reports

11.

Adaptogenic Effects of Mushroom Blend Supplementation on Stress, Fatigue, and Sleep: A Randomised, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Hisamuddin AS (2026) · Brain and behavior

12.

Walnut peptide and theanine combination ameliorates sleep disorders: a multi-species study including a human trial.

Gong J (2026) · Food & function

13.

Comprehensive Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

Mohammadi S (2025) · Nutrients

14.

Heat-Treated Limosilactobacillus fermentum PS150 Improves Sleep Quality with Severity-Dependent Benefits: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Lee MC (2025) · Nutrients · n=84

15.

Melatonin supplementation for quality of life in older patients with advanced cancer: a randomized controlled trial.

Ginzac A (2025) · BMC geriatrics

16.

Circadian and gut-brain axis modulation is associated with neuroimmune and symptom recovery after rectal cancer surgery: An exploratory randomized controlled trial.

Pan S (2026) · Behaviour research and therapy

17.

Oral Melatonin Supplementation for Sleep Disturbances in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

K GP (2026) · Indian journal of pediatrics

18.

The impact of intraoperative esketamine infusion on postoperative sleep in patients undergoing general surgery.

Zhang M (2025) · BMC anesthesiology

19.

Insomnia among hospitalized inpatients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Bottignole D (2026) · Sleep medicine reviews · n=1,913

20.

Melatonin supplementation and outcomes of assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tang H (2025) · BMC pregnancy and childbirth

21.

Living in biological darkness III: Effects of low-level pre-midday lighting on markers of depression in healthy subjects.

de Zeeuw J (2026) · Journal of psychiatric research

22.

Melatonin for sleep and cognitive outcomes in older adults with cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Mdluli NT (2025) · Age and ageing

23.

Exogenous melatonin boosts vaccine-induced immunity in individuals with high pre-existing influenza immunity.

Oda K (2025) · Frontiers in immunology

24.

A prospective randomized crossover trial investigating melatonin versus sleep deprivation for sleep induction in nap electroencephalography.

De Giorgis V (2026) · Epilepsia open

25.

Effect of melatonin on cognitive function in adults with cognitive impairment: a multi-dimensional meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Leung LY (2025) · Alzheimer's research & therapy

26.

Partial blue light blocking glasses at night advanced sleep phase and reduced daytime irritability, disruptive behavior and improved morning mood, but did not alter salivary melatonin secretion in Japanese male schoolchildren.

Maeda-Nishino NJ (2025) · PloS one

27.

A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of Sublingual Melatonin for Sleep Onset Insomnia in Children With Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

Chandler-Mather N (2026) · Journal of paediatrics and child health

28.

Esketamine improves postoperative sleep quality in women undergoing gynecological laparoscopy: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, and controlled trial.

Yuan B (2025) · Sleep medicine

29.

Efficacy and safety of insomnia pharmacotherapies: Convergent evidence from Bayesian network meta-regression and FAERS-based disproportionality analysis.

Liu H (2025) · Sleep medicine

30.

Melatonin and delirium in the intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Lakbar I (2025) · Intensive care medicine

31.

A Series of Personalized Melatonin Supplement Interventions for Poor Sleep: Feasibility Randomized Crossover Trial for Personalized N-of-1 Treatment.

Butler MJ (2025) · JMIR formative research

32.

Melatonin agonist tasimelteon (HETLIOZ®) improves sleep in patients with primary insomnia: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Synnott NC (2025) · PloS one

33.

Optimizing timing and dose of exogenous melatonin administration in neuropsychiatric pediatric populations: a meta-analysis on sleep outcomes.

Bruno S (2025) · Sleep medicine reviews

34.

Daily walnut consumption increases 6-sulfatoxymelatonin urinary levels and can improve sleep quality: a randomized crossover trial.

Zerón-Rugerio MF (2025) · Food & function

35.

Melatonin versus midazolam in the premedication of anxious children attending for elective surgery under general anaesthesia: the MAGIC non-inferiority RCT.

Deery C (2025) · Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)

36.

Does Melatonin Improve Sleep Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty? A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Haider MA (2025) · The Journal of arthroplasty

37.

Melatonin for Huntington's Disease (HD) gene carriers with HD-related sleep disturbance - A pilot study.

Zadegan SA (2025) · Sleep medicine

38.

Feasibility and acceptability for LION, a fully remote, randomized clinical trial within the VA for light therapy to improve sleep in Veterans with and without TBI: An MTBI2 sponsored protocol.

Elliott JE (2025) · PloS one · n=120

39.

Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation improves functional dyspepsia with sleep disturbance via enhanced vagal activity: a randomized controlled trial.

Li J (2026) · International journal of surgery (London, England)

40.

Efficacy and Safety of Electroacupuncture Combined with Agomelatine Tablets Therapy in Treating Insomnia After Stroke.

Han R (2025) · Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN

41.

Psychological Interventions and Sleep Improvement for Patients with Gastric Cancer: Effects on Immune Function, Inflammation, and Tumor Progression-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Wang G (2025) · Annals of surgical oncology

42.

Melatonin Supplementation Alleviates Bone Mineral Density Decline and Circulating Oxidative Stress in Iron-Overloaded Thalassemia Patients.

Piriyakhuntorn P (2025) · Journal of pineal research

43.

Melatonin as a Novel Drug to Improve Cardiac Function and Quality of Life in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Daliri AS (2025) · Clinical cardiology

44.

Limited Efficacy of Pharmacological Interventions for Improving Postoperative Sleep Quality in Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Namazi N (2026) · The Journal of arthroplasty

45.

The Effectiveness of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson' Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Yousef O (2026) · Journal of sleep research

46.

Melatonin in cancer treatment.

Yu ZY (2025) · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

47.

Melatonin for preventing postoperative delirium in elderly patients: A multicenter randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.

Khaled M (2025) · Medicine

48.

The association between clock gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Joshi D (2025) · Diabetes & metabolic syndrome

49.

Factors influencing the effect of melatonin on sleep quality in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Yang H (2025) · Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung

50.

Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Improve Sleep in People with Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Crowley P (2025) · International journal of environmental research and public health · n=13,471

51.

The effect of melatonin on sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.

Zrineh A (2025) · Sleep medicine

52.

Melatonin supplementation and oxidative DNA damage repair capacity among night shift workers: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Zanif U (2025) · Occupational and environmental medicine

53.

Evaluating the effect of sleep kits and training in foster care clinic visits.

Anyigbo C (2025) · Journal of pediatric psychology

54.

Analgesic benefits of pharmacological and nonpharmacological sleep interventions for adults with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analyses.

Abolhosseini S (2025) · Pain

55.

Efficacy of Ramelteon, Suvorexant, and Lemborexant for Delirium Prevention in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

de Oliveira HM (2025) · Critical care medicine

56.

Melatonin and sleep parameters in infertile women with endometriosis: first results from the triple-blind randomized controlled trial of administration of melatonin in chronic pelvic pain and sleep disturbance.

Esmaeilzadeh S (2025) · PloS one

57.

Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Muscle Strength, Manual Dexterity, and Postural Balance in Patients Living with Multiple sclerosis - A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Jallouli S (2025) · Journal of dietary supplements

58.

Pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapies? The impact of different therapies on sleep in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Sirao L (2026) · Autism : the international journal of research and practice

59.

Different light color temperatures in the morning on the effectiveness of rehabilitation training in patients with ischemic stroke: a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial.

Wang N (2025) · Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation

60.

Exploring the role of melatonin in managing sleep and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a pooled analysis of double-blinded randomized controlled trials.

Badran AS (2025) · Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology

61.

Assessing the Role of Dark Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Consumption on Cognitive Function, Neuropeptides, and Circadian Rhythm in Obesity: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Arbizu S (2025) · Nutrients

62.

The bright and dark side of blue-enriched light on sleep and activity in older adults.

Barroggi Constantino D (2025) · GeroScience

63.

Pomegranate Juice Consumption Improves Sleep Quality and Melatonin Concentration of Patients With Opioid Use Disorders Under Medication-Assisted Treatment With Methadone and Buprenorphine: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Leventelis C (2025) · Substance use & addiction journal

64.

Evaluating machine learning algorithms for prediction of treatment response for sleep disturbances in patients with schizophrenia: A post-hoc analysis from a randomized controlled trial.

Mishra A (2025) · Psychiatria Danubina

65.

Correlation between dexmedetomidine and postoperative sleep quality in older patients undergoing intestinal surgery.

Yang Y (2025) · Australasian journal on ageing

66.

The effects of resistance are superior to aerobic exercise in improving delayed sleep-wake phase disorder in male college students.

Hu YX (2025) · Sleep medicine

67.

The effect of melatonin supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Lv X (2025) · Frontiers in endocrinology

68.

Evening Chronotype Is Associated With Daytime Impairment and Differential Sleep and Circadian Response to a Sleep Extension Manipulation in Short Sleeping Adolescents.

Simon SL (2026) · Journal of sleep research

69.

Effects of dietary fermented blueberry leaf tea on sleep: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.

Shoji K (2025) · Food & function

70.

Melatonin secretion across puberty: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Andersen CC (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology

71.

Melatonin Use in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Tang BHY (2025) · Critical care medicine

72.

Differential benefits of 12-week morning vs. evening aerobic exercise on sleep and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial.

Shen B (2025) · Scientific reports

73.

Efficacy and safety of each class of sleep medication for major depressive disorder with insomnia symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials.

Maruki T (2025) · Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · n=1,945

74.

Resetting of the Human Circadian Melatonin Rhythm by Ambient Hypoxia.

Post TE (2025) · Journal of pineal research

75.

Melatonin for prevention of delirium in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a multiarm multistage adaptive randomized controlled clinical trial (DEMEL).

Mekontso Dessap A (2025) · Intensive care medicine

76.

Melatonin for neuropathic pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover trial.

Gilron I (2025) · Pain · n=31

Health domains

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