Measured change
Studied in adults without a specific condition. Doses and forms varied.
Measured at weeks 3 to 157, typically 12
Study average
15.9 nmol/L
Range −11.0 to 61.0
Some evidence
When studies measured each effect, how big it was, and who was studied. Pooled from the studies in our database and updated as new ones are published.
Studied in adults without a specific condition. Doses and forms varied.
Studies related to cancer. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studied in adults with type 2 diabetes. Doses and forms varied.
Studies related to type 2 diabetes. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studied in adults with depression. Doses and forms varied.
Studied in adults with type 2 diabetes. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Studies related to COVID-19. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to preeclampsia. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to gestational diabetes. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to type 2 diabetes. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to heart or blood vessel disease. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to asthma. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studied in women with PCOS. Doses and forms varied.
Studies related to cancer. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Studied in people with a specific health condition (osteoarthritis). Doses and forms varied.
Studies related to psoriasis. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to pregnancy. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studied in people with a specific health condition (atopic dermatitis (eczema)). Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Studies related to tuberculosis. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to prostate cancer. Doses and forms varied.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to PCOS. Doses and forms varied.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to inflammatory bowel disease. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studied in adults without a specific condition. Doses and forms varied.
Studies related to depression. Doses and forms varied.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studied in adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Studied in people with a specific health condition (fatty liver disease). Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Studies related to atrial fibrillation. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studies related to heart or blood vessel disease. Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Below 1 means a lower risk or rate than in the comparison group.
Studied in adults with high blood pressure. Doses and forms varied.
Studied in people with a specific health condition (asthma). Doses and forms varied.
The studies did not say when they measured.
Studied in people with a specific health condition (COVID-19). Doses and forms varied.
Areas where research points to a consistent direction of effect. The strength of evidence is graded; the size of the effect is not quantified.
Averages from published studies, not a forecast for you. People respond differently, and participants may differ from you. Weeks show when studies measured the change. General information, not medical advice.