Also known as: choline bitartrate
Latest evidence update: 2026-09-16
Strongest in Sample size (92). Held back by Recency (29).
Solid mix of RCTs with some methodological gaps.
Confirmed across many independent studies with significant findings.
Tens of thousands of participants pooled across studies.
Mostly aligned, with some divergence.
Mostly pre-2020 research; updates may be needed.
Recommended: 500mg daily
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May reduce cancer risk when consumed at adequate dietary levels, with some evidence suggesting up to 40% reduction in overall cancer risk with combined choline and betaine intake
Higher circulating choline levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and all-cause mortality
May support healthy pregnancy outcomes and reduce risk of gestational diabetes when maternal choline levels are adequate
Choline naturally increases substantially in breast milk as lactation progresses, from colostrum to mature milk, supporting infant nutrition
May reduce urge urinary incontinence risk in premenopausal women by approximately 21-26% with higher dietary intake