Also known as: dietary omega-3, fatty fish, fish intake
Strongest in Consistency (95). Held back by Replication (26).
Solid mix of RCTs with some methodological gaps.
Few independent replications; results not yet robust.
Tens of thousands of participants pooled across studies.
Studies agree on direction of effect.
Mostly pre-2020 research; updates may be needed.
No per-outcome numbers yet for this one. Each finding's direction and strength is shown in the research below.
Areas where research points to a consistent direction of effect. The strength of evidence is graded; the size of the effect is not quantified.
Eating oily fish (mackerel, salmon, sardines, herring) two to three times a week is a dietary source of omega-3 (EPA/DHA). Higher dietary omega-3 intake and a higher omega-3:omega-6 ratio are associated with lower dry eye risk.
Sensitivity analysis of vitamin D effects from fish consumption yielded a smaller pooled mean difference of 3.46 nmol/L in 850 participants, with no heterogeneity.
Total habitual dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake was not associated with any of the five AF-related circulating biomarkers (NT-pro-BNP, hs-TnT, CRP, PICP, 3-NT) either cross-sectionally or longitudinally over 5 years.
In the Women's Health Study (32,470 women), a higher dietary intake of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and a higher dietary n-3 to n-6 ratio were associated with a significantly lower risk of clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome, and tuna consumption was protective.
In a cross-sectional study of 439 postmenopausal women, higher dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid intake was associated with lower odds of dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction, whereas a higher omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was associated with higher odds.
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