Also known as: leafy greens, dark leafy greens, green leafy vegetables, spinach, kale, chard, collard greens, arugula, watercress
Latest evidence update: 2013-01-28
Strongest in Consistency (88). Held back by Recency (14).
Solid mix of RCTs with some methodological gaps.
Good cross-study replication, some imprecision.
Thousands of participants across the literature.
Studies agree on direction of effect.
Mostly pre-2020 research; updates may be needed.
No quantified outcomes yet. Once we have studies with measurable endpoints, you will see per-outcome magnitude here.
Omega-3 data from Richardson TG GWAS showed reduced multiple myeloma risk (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.94, P=0.005).
Higher dietary intake of green leafy vegetables, allium vegetables, fiber, flavonoids, and green tea was associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk in a meta-analysis of 97 cohort studies.
Chronic watercress supplementation (8 weeks) decreases hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation following exhaustive exercise.
A food-based micronutrient-rich snack containing green leafy vegetables, dried fruit and whole milk powder significantly increased serum β-carotene concentrations compared to a control snack.
Acute watercress supplementation decreases hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation following exhaustive exercise.
ProtocolEngine provides general health information based on published research. This is not medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement or health protocol.